6 historical mysteries that scientists finally cracked in 2023 — and one they didn't

Science is revolutionizing our understanding of the past. Paleogenetics reveals DNA secrets hidden in bones and dirt, while artificial intelligence decodes ancient texts. Chemical analysis of residues provides insights into past diets, smells, and construction techniques. In 2023, scientists cracked six mysteries about human history, including the discovery of a female skeleton initially thought to be male. Roman concrete’s durability was attributed to an ingredient overlooked in the past. Ötzi the Iceman’s DNA revision changed his physical appearance. Analysis of ancient human DNA from a pendant shed light on ancient North Eurasians and their genetic connection to the first Americans. Decoding the Herculaneum scrolls using AI offers hope for their full decipherment. Chemical analysis of ancient Egyptian embalming substances reveals long-distance trade. DNA analysis of Beethoven’s hair rules out potential causes of his chronic illnesses and hints at an extramarital affair.